RT Journal
A1 Blanco-Centurion, Carlos
A1 Xu, Man
A1 Murillo-Rodriguez, Eric
A1 Gerashchenko, Dmitry
A1 Shiromani, Anjelica M.
A1 Salin-Pascual, Rafael J.
A1 Hof, Patrick R.
A1 Shiromani, Priyattam J.
T1 Adenosine and Sleep Homeostasis in the Basal Forebrain
JF The Journal of Neuroscience 
JO The Journal of Neuroscience 
YR 2006 
FD August 02 
VO 26 
IS 31 
SP 8092 
OP 8100 
DO 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2181-06.2006 
UL http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/31/8092.abstract 
AB It is currently hypothesized that the drive to sleep is determined by the activity of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons, which release adenosine (AD), perhaps because of increased metabolic activity associated with the neuronal discharge during waking, and the accumulating AD begins to inhibit these neurons so that sleep-active neurons can become active. This hypothesis grew from the observation that AD induces sleep and AD levels increase with wake in the basal forebrain, but surprisingly it still remains untested. Here we directly test whether the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are central to the AD regulation of sleep drive by administering 192–IgG–saporin to lesion the BF cholinergic neurons and then measuring AD levels in the BF. In rats with 95% lesion of the BF cholinergic neurons, AD levels in the BF did not increase with 6 h of prolonged waking. However, the lesioned rats had intact sleep drive after 6 and 12 h of prolonged waking, indicating that the AD accumulation in the BF is not necessary for sleep drive. Next we determined that, in the absence of the BF cholinergic neurons, the selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine, administered to the BF, continued to be effective in inducing sleep, indicating that the BF cholinergic neurons are not essential to sleep induction. Thus, neither the activity of the BF cholinergic neurons nor the accumulation of AD in the BF during wake is necessary for sleep drive.