Abstract

The inherited retinal dystrophies represent a large and heterogenous group of hereditary neurodegenerations, for many of which, the molecular defect has been defined. However, the mechanism of cell death has not been determined for any form of retinal degeneration. Theretinal degeneration slow (rds−/−) mutation of mice is associated with nondevelopment of photoreceptor outer segments and gradual death of photoreceptor cell bodies, attributed to the absence of the outer segment protein rds/peripherin. Here, we examined the effects of a transgene encoding normal rds/peripherin that had integrated into the X-chromosome in male and female rds−/− mutant retinas. In 2-month-old transgenic males and homozygous-transgenic females onrds−/−, we observed virtually complete rescue of both the outer segment nondevelopment and photoreceptor degeneration. In contrast, hemizygous-transgenic rds−/− female littermates showed patchy distributions of the transgene mRNA, byin situ hybridization analysis, and of photoreceptor cells that contain outer segments. This pattern is consistent with random inactivation of the X-chromosome and mosaic expression of the transgene. Surprisingly, we observed significant photoreceptor cell loss in both transgene-expressing and nonexpressing patches in hemizygous female retinas. These observations were supported by nuclease protection analysis, which showed notably lower than predicted levels of transgene mRNA in retinas from hemizygous females compared with male and homozygous female littermates. This phenotype suggests an important component of non-cell-autonomous photoreceptor death inrds−/− mutant mice. These results have significance to both the etiology and potential treatment of human inherited retinal degenerations.