Neutralizing MIP-1α, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α individually with function-blocking antibodies reduces the number of LPC-induced phagocytic macrophages. Graphs show the number of Mac-1⁺ phagocytic macrophages in the white matter 4 d after injection of LPC along with blocking antibodies (▪) or LPC plus control antibodies (■). Blocking each of these molecules resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of phagocytic macrophages compared with controls. Anti-MIP-1α injection produced the greatest reduction, ∼10-fold. Mean ± SEM (*p < 0.003, MCP-1; p < 0.003, MIP-1α; p < 0.02, TNF-α;p < 0.01, GM-CSF); n = 4 animals.