Quantitative immunofluorescence for early and late microglial activation markers in the axotomized and contralateral facial motor nucleus (open bars, unoperated side; filled bars, axotomized side) for αMβ2 integrin (A; day 2), ICAM1 (B; day 2), α6β1 (C; day 3), αXβ2 (D; day 14), B7.2 (E; day 14) and IBA1 (F; day 14) using RISC algorithm. *p < 0.05 in unpaired Student's t test for +/+ versus −/− comparisons for the contralateral versus contralateral or axotomized versus axotomized side; ^#p < 0.05 for the comparison of the difference between the two sides in +/+ versus −/− animals. The TGFβ1−/− mice show a generally lower level of early markers ICAM1, αMβ2, and α6β1 on the unoperated side, a much smaller increase of ICAM1, αMβ2, and α6β1 after injury, and high levels of αXβ2, B7.2, and IBA1 on the uninjured side. Error bars represent SEM.