Inosine alters gene expression in corticospinal neurons contralateral to the stroke. a, Heat-map showing patterns of changes induced by stroke alone (stroke + saline) and by inosine treatment after stroke (stroke + inosine). Only genes with statistically significant (p < 0.01) changes ≥1.7× above or below baseline level of expression are shown. Inset shows color scheme for the magnitude of changes. b, Pie chart showing numbers of genes exhibiting different patterns of change after stroke. Most changes follow the trend of being upregulated or downregulated after stroke and attenuated (atten.) by inosine (ino). A smaller number of genes are not significantly changed by stroke but are either upregulated or downregulated by inosine, and an even smaller number are changed by stroke and changed further in the same direction by inosine. c, Scatter diagram showing effect of inosine in attenuating stroke-induced changes. Data include only those genes whose expression is significantly altered by stroke. Data are plotted as the log₂ change in expression after stroke in animals treated with inosine versus saline (y-axis) against the log₂ change in expression after stroke alone (and treatment with saline) versus normal controls. Trend line has a slope of –0.49 and correlation coefficient of 0.87, signifying that inosine attenuates most of the stroke-induced changes. d. Scatter diagram similar to that of c, but showing all data points. Points that fall significantly off the trend line (p < 0.01, red dots) correspond to genes that are affected by inosine over and above attenuating the stroke-induced changes.