Results of a bootstrap analysis on encoding-related neural activity before word onset in the low- and high-reward conditions. In each condition, equal numbers of confidently recognized and forgotten words were selected at random with replacement for each subject. The group average was then computed, and the mean amplitude in the 600–1100 ms interval was measured across all 32 electrode sites. This process was repeated 10,000 times. The resulting sampling distributions are shown here. Each gray dot represents a sample value for forgotten words, and each black dot represents a sample value for recognized words. Bootstrap iterations are displayed along the horizontal axes. Distributions for the low-reward condition are shown on the left, and those for the high-reward condition are shown on the right. There is a clear separation between the distributions of recognized and forgotten words in the high-reward condition. No such separation is apparent in the low-reward condition. For statistical comparisons, see Results.