A, B, Right anterior insula (yellow) activated by switch versus stay choices (A), and left ventral striatum (red) activated by the reverse comparison (stay versus switch) (B), overlapped with striatum (yellow) activity responding to winning outcomes. A, C, For switch versus stay comparison, insula (green) activity was negatively correlated with the tendency to switch, while caudate (blue) activity was positively associated with switch frequency. D, Significant activity associated with the residual frustration scores (i.e., frustration for L_switch minus frustration for L_stay) in right anterior insula (red) for the comparison of L_switch versus L_stay outcomes and significant activity in the right anterior insula (yellow) associated with switch versus stay decisions. E, Significant activity associated with the residual satisfaction scores in ventral striatum (red) for the comparison of W_switch versus W_stay and significant activity in bilateral ventral striatum (yellow) associated with winning versus losing. All activations are significant at p < 0.05, small volume corrected.