Table 1.
Korean word list and semantic and visual ratings, which were measured using a −1.5 to 1.5 scale
| Negative | Neutral | Positive | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korean | English | Semantic | Visual | Korean | English | Semantic | Visual | Korean | English | Semantic | Visual | |||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
| Set 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
despair | −0.77 | 1.47 | 0.36 | 1.35 | ![]() |
parallel | −0.05 | 1.17 | 0.26 | 1.19 | ![]() |
passion | 0.86 | 1.12 | 0.34 | 0.96 | |
![]() |
failure | −0.68 | 1.68 | 0.11 | 1.35 | ![]() |
serial | −0.43 | 1.12 | −0.04 | 1.45 | ![]() |
joy | 0.82 | 1.08 | −0.24 | 1.40 | |
![]() |
disappointment | −0.70 | 1.46 | 0.36 | 1.10 | ![]() |
substitution | −0.29 | 1.44 | 0.56 | 1.20 | ![]() |
love | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 1.01 | |
![]() |
shame | −0.95 | 1.19 | 0.09 | 1.59 | ![]() |
signal | −0.02 | 1.32 | −0.07 | 1.30 | ![]() |
respect | 0.74 | 1.23 | 0.08 | 1.33 | |
![]() |
irritation | −0.78 | 1.00 | −0.07 | 1.08 | ![]() |
center | 0.08 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.12 | ![]() |
wisdom | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.15 | 1.01 | |
![]() |
suicide | −1.28 | 0.77 | −0.25 | 0.87 | ![]() |
probability | 0.10 | 1.37 | −0.16 | 1.07 | ![]() |
honest | 0.74 | 1.12 | −0.27 | 0.98 | |
![]() |
humiliation | −0.92 | 1.34 | −0.22 | 1.52 | ![]() |
analysis | 0.11 | 1.39 | −0.09 | 1.08 | ![]() |
victory | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.96 | |
![]() |
scandal | −0.63 | 1.49 | −0.34 | 1.17 | ![]() |
temperature | −0.32 | 1.09 | −0.68 | 1.28 | ![]() |
trust | 0.79 | 1.05 | −0.23 | 1.27 | |
![]() |
disregard | −0.64 | 1.05 | −0.56 | 1.62 | ![]() |
absorption | −0.18 | 1.33 | −0.58 | 1.44 | ![]() |
truth | 0.96 | 1.08 | −0.38 | 1.63 | |
![]() |
malodor | −0.77 | 1.29 | 0.02 | 1.08 | ![]() |
altitude | 0.18 | 1.03 | −0.12 | 1.18 | ![]() |
glory | 0.76 | 1.01 | 0.05 | 1.20 | |
| Set 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
disgust | −0.91 | 1.03 | −0.03 | 0.95 | ![]() |
aperture | −0.17 | 1.25 | −0.18 | 0.89 | ![]() |
peace | 0.73 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 1.17 | |
![]() |
dishonor | −0.94 | 1.11 | −0.27 | 1.36 | ![]() |
area | −0.21 | 1.10 | −0.26 | 1.06 | ![]() |
smile | 0.99 | 1.10 | −0.28 | 1.33 | |
![]() |
abuse | −1.23 | 0.54 | −0.37 | 1.15 | ![]() |
array | −0.15 | 1.33 | −0.16 | 1.01 | ![]() |
happiness | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.36 | 1.33 | |
![]() |
betrayal | −0.87 | 1.40 | 0.14 | 1.33 | ![]() |
calculation | −0.04 | 1.36 | 0.22 | 1.16 | ![]() |
courage | 0.86 | 1.07 | 0.18 | 1.15 | |
![]() |
insult | −0.74 | 1.14 | 0.10 | 1.03 | ![]() |
method | 0.02 | 1.06 | −0.01 | 1.32 | ![]() |
harmony | 0.72 | 1.13 | 0.04 | 1.33 | |
![]() |
menace | −0.62 | 1.23 | 0.08 | 1.58 | ![]() |
ratio | −0.16 | 1.21 | −0.20 | 1.30 | ![]() |
success | 0.80 | 1.08 | −0.33 | 1.01 | |
![]() |
assault | −1.07 | 1.03 | −0.47 | 1.35 | ![]() |
substance | −0.07 | 1.02 | 0.28 | 1.08 | ![]() |
strength | 0.90 | 1.00 | −0.06 | 1.16 | |
![]() |
arrogance | −0.62 | 1.56 | 0.25 | 0.97 | ![]() |
structure | −0.01 | 0.97 | −0.13 | 0.83 | ![]() |
prosperity | 0.58 | 1.09 | −0.09 | 0.98 | |
![]() |
cruelty | −0.90 | 1.38 | 0.00 | 0.92 | ![]() |
unit | −0.04 | 1.03 | −0.21 | 1.15 | ![]() |
calmness | 0.68 | 0.87 | −0.24 | 1.13 | |
![]() |
rape | −1.24 | 1.00 | −0.14 | 1.19 | ![]() |
coefficient | −0.12 | 1.49 | −0.39 | 1.02 | ![]() |
sweet | 0.60 | 1.27 | 0.28 | 0.97 | |
| Set 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
wicked | −0.14 | 1.55 | −0.35 | 1.03 | ![]() |
frequency | −0.18 | 1.28 | 0.15 | 1.28 | ![]() |
charm | 0.68 | 1.06 | 0.13 | 1.11 | |
![]() |
molestation | −1.19 | 0.99 | 0.32 | 1.07 | ![]() |
density | −0.23 | 1.20 | −0.03 | 1.14 | ![]() |
lively | 0.66 | 1.09 | 0.34 | 1.45 | |
![]() |
murder | −1.02 | 1.47 | 0.35 | 1.10 | ![]() |
rotation | −0.07 | 1.50 | 0.45 | 1.21 | ![]() |
faithful | 0.65 | 1.21 | 0.20 | 1.03 | |
![]() |
kidnapping | −0.97 | 1.39 | 0.32 | 1.18 | ![]() |
alloy | −0.05 | 1.35 | 0.33 | 1.10 | ![]() |
friendship | 0.74 | 1.15 | 0.17 | 1.17 | |
![]() |
prostitution | −1.07 | 1.25 | 0.25 | 1.08 | ![]() |
equation | −0.08 | 1.43 | 0.32 | 1.04 | ![]() |
freedom | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.81 | |
![]() |
adultery | −1.09 | 1.01 | 0.13 | 1.12 | ![]() |
boundary | −0.07 | 0.99 | 0.19 | 1.10 | ![]() |
hope | 0.80 | 1.14 | 0.05 | 1.41 | |
![]() |
greed | −0.68 | 1.42 | 0.39 | 1.04 | ![]() |
surface | −0.08 | 1.24 | 0.05 | 1.25 | ![]() |
delight | 0.74 | 0.83 | −0.01 | 1.33 | |
![]() |
fraud | −0.80 | 1.25 | −0.16 | 1.20 | ![]() |
transformation | 0.30 | 1.27 | −0.07 | 1.19 | ![]() |
devotion | 0.63 | 1.20 | 0.03 | 1.12 | |
![]() |
obscenity | −0.66 | 1.66 | −0.02 | 1.26 | ![]() |
experiment | 0.28 | 1.45 | 0.27 | 1.17 | ![]() |
spirit | 0.79 | 1.03 | −0.34 | 0.77 | |
![]() |
lewd | −0.78 | 1.30 | −0.11 | 1.10 | ![]() |
detail | 0.00 | 1.08 | −0.23 | 1.38 | ![]() |
sincerity | 0.61 | 1.12 | −0.24 | 1.51 | |
| Total | −0.86 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.27 | −0.06 | 0.16 | −0.02 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||||||






























































































