A, Orientation had no effect on tibial movement velocity for either the initial 200 ms of movement (Initial) or the cyclic part of the scratch (Cyclic). In all cases, the median velocity (thick horizontal lines) for scratches in upside-down locusts fell within the interquartile range (boxes) for scratches elicited in upright locusts, and the ranges overlapped almost completely (95% of values lie within the whiskers, outliers are shown as black dots). This was the case for scratches elicited by anterior stimulation (left side of figure) and for those elicited by posterior stimulation (right side of figure). The number of scratches is indicated in parentheses. B, Anterior and posterior scratches were cyclical movements driven by the coordinated action of three limb joints. Graphs show time courses of joint angular change for the femoro-tibial (FT; top), coxo-trochanteral (CT; middle), and thoraco-coxal (TC; bottom) joints, for a scratch aimed at an anterior stimulus (3 left panels) and scratch aimed at a posterior stimulus (3 right panels). Gray shading marks tibial extension.