The respiratory effects of amygdala stimulation were reproduced in two other subjects (K.D. and S.P.). A, Anatomic diagram of K.D.'s right temporal lobe showing amygdala subnuclei with superimposed amygdala depth electrode contacts (gray circles) in the basolateral and lateral nuclei. Lateral nucleus, red; basolateral nucleus, yellow. B, Stimulating the right amygdala caused apnea and a slight slowing of the heart rate. C, Average respiratory rate at baseline, during electrical stimulation trials (20–30 s) and the 10–20 s after stimulation (n = 6). D, Schematic depiction of the location of intraoperative amygdala electrical stimulation performed using a handheld device in subject S.P. E, Average respiratory rate at baseline, during intraoperative bipolar electrical stimulation (10 s), and after stimulation (n = 3). ****p < 0.0001; **p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test. Error bars indicate SEM.