a, Behavioral dissociation of PE_face and PE_name in the S–C and in the S–R learning conditions. In the S–C learning condition, a large portion of variance in the behavioral ISPC effect across subjects is accounted for by the individual differences in learning of the face–PC associations (i.e., regression weight of PE_face). b, By contrast, in the S–R learning condition, a large portion of variance in the behavioral ISPC effect across subjects is accounted for by the individual differences in learning of the name–PC/response associations (i.e., regression weight of PE_name). Dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence interval for the regression line.