Knockdown of Tmod1 and Tmod2 on spine formation. A, Representative images of selected dendritic regions from control (shLucif) and shTmod-expressing cells showing reduced spine density in shTmod1-expressing neurons. Left panels are 2-D images from confocal stacks using maximum intensity projection. The regions enclosed by the red rectangles are 3-D rendered and shown on the right. Scale bars, 5 μm. B, Quantification of the densities of total protrusions (T-protrusion), spines, and filopodia. Error bars represent the SD. An unpaired Student's t test was used to compare different Tmod knock-down groups to the control group (shLucif). *Statistical difference from the control. For shTmod1: t(df) = 1.986(93, p^Spine = 1.72E-15, p^Filopodia = 6.26E-22; shTmod2: t(df) = 1.984(98), p^T-protrusion = 0.051, p^Spine = 0.007. C, D, Box-and-whisker plots show changes in spine head width (C) and spine neck length (D) in Tmod knock-down and control neurons. The box represents the 25th and 75th percentiles, with the median and mean shown as a line and a single x, respectively. The error bars represent the maximum and the minimum values in the distribution. Statistical analysis was done using an unpaired Student's t test. Spine head width: t(df) = 2.07(24), p^Tmod1 = 3.09E-11.