Filtering of speed and firing-rate signals distinguishes between speed modulation at different time scales. Speed modulation of firing rate at different time scales shown for an example neuron of the rat dataset (same example neuron in Fig. 2). The top row shows unfiltered data (instantaneous running speed and firing-rate signal). The following rows show time scale-filtered data with the time scales indicated on the left. Speed scores calculated at each time scale are given at the bottom right of each row. For better comparison of running speed and firing rate, data are presented as z-scores. Blue traces represent z-scores of time-scale filtered running speed; red traces represent z-scores of time-scale filtered firing rate. The top four rows show 100 s of data, the middle four rows show 200 s of data, and the bottom five rows show data on the entire 20 min recording session.