Schematics of V1 response characteristics to bars and gratings. A, Left, Example of a 2D RF of a simple cell. Middle, Types of stimuli used in our simulations, grating (top), bars (bottom). Right, Vm and conductance responses. B, Schematized spiking, Vm, and conductance response profiles to drifting gratings. Left, The FR and Vm responses to a grating at the preferred orientation of the cell are modulated in time. Right, Excitatory (gE, red) and inhibitory (gI, blue) conductances have been shown to be modulated in temporal antiphase in response to this stimulus. C, Spiking and Vm responses to flashed bright or dark bars at the preferred orientation of the cell. Top, The 1D RF calculated from the response of the cell to bright minus the response to dark reveals the three RF subunits (ON, OFF, ON), also shown in 2D (left inset, with overlaid bar positions in dotted lines). Middle, Spiking responses to bright (gray thick line) or dark (black thin line) bars at different positions across the RF of the cell in visual space. Bottom, Vm responses to flashed bars have a similar pattern and are spatially anticorrelated. D, Conductance responses over space to flashed bars, as shown by recent experimental results (Taylor et al., 2018). Although the gE responses over space are anticorrelated, the gI responses are broad and highly spatially correlated. E, Conductance responses over space to flashed bars, as predicted based on the anticorrelated conductance responses to gratings. In this scheme, gE and gI responses to bright and dark bars are spatially anticorrelated.