Neural mapping of value, confidence, and deliberation. A, Meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Statistical maps (sagittal slices) were extracted from the Neurosynth platform with the “value,” “confidence,” and “effort” key words. Significant clusters in the medial PFC are similar across key words, being located in both ventral and dorsal regions. B, Neural correlates of value, confidence, and deliberation constructs in the present dataset (in red, blue, and green, respectively). Statistical maps were obtained with a GLM, including the different variables as parametric modulators of stimulus onset, across rating and choice tasks. Sagittal slice was taken at the same coordinates as the Neurosynth output, and superimposed on the average anatomic scan normalized to canonical (MNI) template. Coronal slices show the extent of the different medial prefrontal clusters. Statistical threshold was set at p < 0.05 after family-wise error for multiple comparisons at the voxel level. For clusters outside the medial PFC, see activations in Extended Data Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3. For clusters obtained using the same GLM without orthogonalization of regressors and using the same GLM with events modeled as boxcar instead of stick functions, see Figure 5 and Extended Data Figures 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3.