Schema and timeline of the experiment. A, Hierarchical structure of one of the two schemata (arthropods) and exemplar names of the other schema (cells) which served as control in this example. Schema and control were randomized across participants. For a figure with the hierarchical structure of the “cell” schema, see Hennies et al. (2016). B, Acquisition of schema-knowledge and familiarization with the control names over 7 weeks with 1 learning session per week in the institute and homework in-between. Participants achieved high performance in the multiple-choice questions (mc questions) and the picture naming task of their schema. In the scanner, participants encoded 3 times (encoding Rounds 1-3) 72 novel facts related to the exemplars of their schema and 72 facts related to their control exemplars. In encoding Rounds 4-7 outside of the scanner, they only repeated the control facts to ensure equal immediate memory for SR and control facts. In the first encoding round, participants judged whether they will remember the novel facts in Rounds 2-7 whether they did remember it. Encoding was followed by immediate retrieval of all learned novel facts in the scanner. Two weeks later, all facts were retrieved again in the scanner followed by retrieval of 24 of the overlearned schema-knowledge facts. During retrieval, two equally plausible response alternatives were presented (targets and lures were randomized across participants) and participants indicated their confidence on a 3 point scale (hc, high; mc, medium; lc, low confidence).