Bindarit works on activated microglia through suppressing NF-kB p65 activation in the white matter. A, In P8 WT brains, NF-kB p65 signals are seen in the cytoplasm of ependymal cells (short arrows), vessels (arrowhead), and GFAP⁺ astrocytes with fusiform morphology in the ventricular-subventricular zone (long arrows; high power, far right, open arrows; scale bars: 50 μm). B, In veh-prh sections stained with no primary antibody as a control, only red blood cell auto-fluorescence is observed which is easily identified by the morphology and size of the cells (scale bars: 50 μm). C, p65 signals in veh-prh are seen in IBA1⁺ amoeboid-shaped cells in the white matter, both within the nucleus and cytoplasm (arrows), along with cytoplasmic signals in the ependymal, vessel, and some radial glial cells (scale bars: 50 μm). D, p65 signals in bin-prh sections are mainly within cytoplasm of the ependymal and fusiform-shaped astrocytic cells as in WT brain, or to a lesser extent in IBA1⁺ cells than that in veh-prh (scale bars: 50 μm). E, The total number of p65-expressing IBA1⁺ cells per three ROIs per animal is significantly reduced in bin-prh cortex (****p < 0.0001 relative to veh-prh, Student's t test, n = 5). F, The percentage of p65 nuclear expression (shown as veh-prh) rather than cytoplasmic expression (bin-prh) in all p65-expressing IBA1⁺ cells is 27.6 ± 3.2% in veh-prh, and this is significantly reduced (6.1 ± 10%) in bin-prh cortex (**p = 0.0028 relative to veh-prh, Student's t test, n = 5 in each group, total >200 p65⁺ cells; scale bars: 5 μm).