Alpha-based reconstructions of visuospatial attention from the IEM analysis. Note that these results were obtained from the IEM model that used changes in trial-by-trial alpha amplitudes relative to precue baseline activity. a, Cue- and target-locked alpha-based reconstructions for the congruent and incongruent conditions as well as the difference in reconstruction activity between the two conditions. b, Same as a but the data were sorted into trials with and without salient distractors. c, d, Response-locked alpha-based reconstructions are sorted by stimulus congruency and distractor saliency, respectively. The bottom panels of all subfigures illustrate reconstruction fidelity of the alpha-based reconstructions. Shaded areas in the bottom panels represent the within-subject SEM of the fidelity values. Black * signs on the top of the fidelity curves represent significant increases in reconstruction fidelity relative to zero. Red * signs in a indicate significant main effects of stimulus congruency on reconstruction fidelity (all tests were corrected for multiple comparisons using cluster-based permutation). n.s., nonsignificant. See Extended Data Figures 2-1–2-4 for the results from auxiliary analyses, which ensured that the main results were not confounded by our experimental design and choices of analysis.