The frontocentral negative-polarity incongruency wave (i.e., the FNinc component). a, b, Stimulus-locked ERP traces showing the FNinc components between the congruent and incongruent conditions and between trials with and without salient distractors, respectively. c, d, Response-locked data with the same sets of experimental comparisons. Black * signs on top of the ERP traces represent significant main effects of stimulus congruency of the FNinc amplitudes (corrected based on the cluster-based permutation method). Shaded areas represent the within-subject SEM of the FNinc amplitudes. Bottom panels of all subfigures show topographic maps of the FNinc amplitudes and the differences between labeled experimental conditions, averaged from ∼266 to 668 ms after stimulus onset and from ∼−21 to 275 ms relative to response onset for the stimulus-locked and response-locked data respectively.