Temporal profile of start position, direction, and target position decoding from the FOF pseudopopulation. A, Number of principle components included versus the accuracy of pseudopopulation decoding for the start position, using spike count data in the pre-cue time window. Thin line and shaded areas indicated the mean and the 5% and 95% intervals in 100 pseudopopulations with neurons resampled with replacement. Error is defined as the Euclidean distance between the predicted and the actual coordinates. B, Decoded coordinates of start position, movement vector, and target position in an example pseudopopulation. Each small circle indicates the predicted coordinates in a pseudo-trial, and the color indicates the pseudo trial class. Each large circle indicates the coordinates and the radius of a port (11 mm). C, Decoding errors for each pseudopopulation across time aligned to the go sound. Each row is a different pseudopopulation, and the color indicates decoding error following the color bar in E. Red solid lines indicate the mean errors across the 100 pseudopopulations. Red dashed lines indicate the radius of the ports. D, Mean ± s.d. of the difference of decoding errors between two spatial variables across the 100 pseudopopulations. Positive difference indicates the better decoding of the second variable, and vice versa. E, Decoding errors with cross-window decoding. Colors of the heat maps indicate the mean Euclidean distance between the decoded and true spatial coordinates, averaged across 100 pseudopopulations. The decoders were trained at one time window and tested at another. In the last panel, the multivariate linear model was trained for start position and decoded for target position. Contours, p < 0.01 (extreme pixel-based test). Pseudopopulations were constructed from neurons with at least eight trials for each of the six directions, seven start positions and seven target positions (n = 1, 197).