Demographic and clinical data
| HC | TLE-HS | TLE-NHS | Statistic | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 29 | 30 | 28 | - | - |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 26.0 (18.0) | 28.5 (9.0) | 30.0 (12.0) | 1.36a | 0.51 |
| Sex, male/female | 14/15 | 14/16 | 15/13 | 0.30b | 0.86 |
| Education, years, median (IQR) | 12.0 (7.0) | 10.5 (7.0) | 12.0 (4.0) | 3.20a | 0.20 |
| MoCA, median (IQR) | 29.0 (3.0) | 26.0 (5.0) | 26.0 (6.0) | 8.55a | 0.03* |
| LI, median (IQR) | 0.82 (0.22) | 0.65 (0.58) | 0.84 (0.24) | 8.45a | 0.003* |
| VFC, median (IQR) | 24.0 (15.0) | 17.5 (9.0) | 18.5 (9.0) | 3.18c | 0.05 |
| VFP, median (IQR) | 36.0 (28.0) | 20.0 (17.0) | 27.0 (21.0) | 7.56c | 0.004* |
| VFS median (IQR) | 45.0 (29.0) | 35.0 (13.0) | 39.0 (13.0) | 2.92c | 0.06 |
| SAS, median (IQR) | 38.0 (8.0) | 45.5 (13.0) | 46.5 (16.0) | 6.40c | 0.008* |
| SDS, mean (SD) | 39.3 (10.5) | 49.5 (9.6) | 47.3 (10.0) | 8.36d | 0.003* |
| Duration, median (IQR) | - | 9.5 (14.0) | 10.0 (17.0) | 0.41e | 0.68 |
| AOO, median (IQR) | - | 17.0 (10.0) | 17.5 (11.0) | 0.36e | 0.72 |
| Laterality, left/right | - | 13/17 | 12/16 | 0.00b | 0.97 |
| Febrile convulsion history | - | 2 (6.7%) | 1 (3.6%) | -f | 1.00 |
| FTBTCS history | 21 (70.0%) | 25 (89.3%) | 3.28b | 0.08 | |
| Number of ASMs | -f | 0.22 | |||
| 1 | - | 16 | 20 | ||
| 2 | - | 13 | 8 | ||
| 3 | - | 1 | 0 | ||
| Frequency | - | -f | 0.68 | ||
| Yearly | - | 7 | 8 | ||
| Monthly | - | 13 | 8 | ||
| Weekly | - | 6 | 6 | ||
| Daily | 4 | 6 |
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AOO, age of onset; ASMs, antiseizure medications; FTBTCS, focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures; HC, healthy controls; IQR, interquartile range; LI, lateralization index; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; SAS, self-rating anxiety scale; SD, standard deviation; SDS, self-rating depression scale; TLE-HS, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NHS, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and without hippocampal sclerosis; VFC, verbal fluency character test; VFP, verbal fluency Pinyin test; VFS, semantic verbal fluency test.
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↵a H values of Kruskal–Wallis test.
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↵b χ2 value of Chi-squared test.
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↵c F value of Quade nonparametric analysis of covariates.
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↵d F value of analysis of covariates.
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↵e Z value of Mann–Whitney U test.
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↵f Fisher exact test.
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↵* FDR-corrected.
